Is Israel Committing Genocide in Gaza, as Claimed by Scholars, and What Is the Catholic Perspective?

Brief Overview

• Recent claims by the International Association of Genocide Scholars assert that Israel’s actions in Gaza meet the legal definition of genocide under the 1948 UN Convention.
• These claims stem from the ongoing conflict in Gaza, marked by significant loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, and restrictions on humanitarian aid.
• The Catholic Church emphasizes the sanctity of human life and the need for peace, justice, and respect for all persons, regardless of nationality or ethnicity.
• Catholic social teaching provides a framework for evaluating such claims, focusing on principles like human dignity, the common good, and the just war theory.
• The Church calls for dialogue, reconciliation, and humanitarian efforts to address suffering in conflict zones like Gaza.
• This article examines the genocide claims through a Catholic lens, rooted in moral theology and Church teachings.

Detailed Response

Understanding the Genocide Claim

The International Association of Genocide Scholars, a respected body of academics, passed a resolution in 2025 stating that Israel’s actions in Gaza fulfill the criteria for genocide as defined by the 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. The convention defines genocide as acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group. These acts include killing members of the group, causing serious bodily or mental harm, and creating conditions aimed at physical destruction. The scholars point to the high death toll, reported at over 60,000 Palestinians by August 2025, along with widespread destruction of civilian infrastructure, as evidence. They also highlight statements from Israeli officials that suggest dehumanizing rhetoric, such as referring to Palestinians as “human animals.” The resolution argues that these actions demonstrate intent to destroy the Palestinian population in Gaza, either partially or entirely. Critics, including Israel, reject these claims, asserting that the military campaign targets Hamas, a terrorist organization, not the Palestinian people. Israel maintains that its actions are lawful self-defense following Hamas’s attack on October 7, 2023, which killed approximately 1,200 Israelis. The Catholic Church, while not directly addressing this specific claim, offers moral principles to evaluate such serious accusations. These principles prioritize the protection of human life and call for careful discernment in matters of war and violence (CCC 2309).

Catholic Teaching on Human Dignity

At the heart of Catholic teaching is the belief that every human person is created in the image and likeness of God, possessing inherent dignity. This principle applies universally, to both Israelis and Palestinians, regardless of the conflict’s complexities. The Church teaches that actions causing intentional harm to civilians violate this dignity and are morally unacceptable. In conflicts, the principle of non-combatant immunity emphasizes that civilians must not be targeted. Reports of widespread civilian casualties in Gaza, including women and children, raise serious moral concerns from a Catholic perspective. The Church would urge all parties to prioritize the protection of innocent lives. Additionally, the Catechism stresses that acts of violence must be proportionate and avoid excessive harm (CCC 2309). If conditions in Gaza, such as blockades leading to starvation, are deliberately imposed to harm civilians, they would conflict with Catholic moral teaching. However, determining intent requires careful evidence, as the Church cautions against rash judgments. The Catholic perspective calls for a thorough investigation into claims of genocide to ensure justice and truth guide responses.

The Just War Tradition

Catholic moral theology includes the just war tradition, which provides criteria for evaluating the morality of military actions. These criteria include a just cause, legitimate authority, proportionality, and discrimination between combatants and non-combatants. Israel’s stated goal of neutralizing Hamas could be seen as a just cause in response to the October 7 attack. However, the scale of destruction and civilian casualties in Gaza raises questions about proportionality and discrimination. Catholic teaching requires that military actions minimize harm to civilians and avoid indiscriminate destruction (CCC 2313). Reports of bombings affecting schools, hospitals, and refugee camps, if verified, would challenge the moral legitimacy of such actions. The Church also emphasizes that war must be a last resort, pursued only after all peaceful options are exhausted (CCC 2308). The ongoing blockade and restrictions on humanitarian aid, if intentionally used to harm civilians, would not align with these principles. The Catholic response would call for de-escalation and diplomatic efforts to address the root causes of the conflict. Both sides must be held accountable for actions that violate the moral law.

The Role of Intent in Genocide

The genocide claim hinges on the question of intent, a critical element in the UN’s definition. Scholars argue that statements by Israeli officials, combined with actions like blockades and bombings, demonstrate intent to destroy the Palestinian population. Catholic moral theology also places significant emphasis on intent when evaluating actions. For an act to be morally culpable, it must be deliberate and aimed at an unjust end. If Israel’s actions are primarily directed at combating Hamas, as claimed, the moral evaluation differs from actions explicitly targeting civilians. However, the Church teaches that foreseeable harm to civilians, even if unintended, carries moral weight (CCC 2269). The high civilian death toll and destruction of essential infrastructure suggest a need for greater precautions to avoid harm. Catholic teaching would urge all parties to clarify their intentions through transparent actions and prioritize civilian safety. The Church also calls for international bodies to investigate claims impartially to establish the truth. Without clear evidence of genocidal intent, the Catholic perspective would focus on addressing the humanitarian crisis and promoting peace.

Humanitarian Crisis and Catholic Response

The situation in Gaza, with reports of famine, displacement, and lack of medical care, constitutes a humanitarian crisis of grave concern. Catholic social teaching emphasizes the duty to provide aid to those suffering, particularly the most vulnerable, such as children and the sick (CCC 2447). The Church would call for immediate access to humanitarian aid, including food, water, and medical supplies, to alleviate suffering. Reports of restricted aid deliveries and attacks on aid workers, if true, are morally unacceptable and contrary to the Church’s call for charity and justice. Catholic organizations, such as Caritas Internationalis, often work to provide relief in conflict zones, reflecting the Church’s commitment to solidarity. The faithful are encouraged to support these efforts through prayer, donations, and advocacy for peace. The Church also teaches that all nations share a responsibility to protect those affected by war (CCC 2308). In Gaza, this means ensuring that humanitarian corridors are opened and protected. The Catholic perspective prioritizes practical steps to save lives over political debates about terminology. The Church’s mission is to bring hope and healing to those in distress.

The Church’s Call for Peace and Dialogue

The Catholic Church consistently advocates for peace and dialogue in resolving conflicts. Pope Francis and his predecessors have repeatedly called for an end to violence in the Holy Land, urging both Israelis and Palestinians to pursue reconciliation. The Church recognizes the legitimate aspirations of both peoples for security and self-determination. However, violence that targets civilians or disregards human dignity undermines these aspirations. The Catechism teaches that peace is not merely the absence of war but the presence of justice and mutual respect (CCC 2304). The Church would encourage diplomatic efforts to address the underlying causes of the conflict, including occupation, terrorism, and historical grievances. Catholic teaching also emphasizes forgiveness and reconciliation as paths to lasting peace (CCC 2262). Both sides must be willing to engage in good faith, acknowledging past wrongs and committing to a future of coexistence. The Church’s role is to serve as a moral voice, calling for an end to cycles of violence. Prayer for peace in the Holy Land remains a priority for Catholics worldwide.

The Role of International Law and Accountability

Catholic teaching supports the role of international law in promoting justice and protecting human rights. The UN Genocide Convention and institutions like the International Court of Justice (ICJ) aim to hold nations accountable for grave violations. The Church would support impartial investigations into claims of genocide to ensure truth and justice prevail. If evidence confirms genocidal acts, those responsible must face consequences, as the Church condemns all forms of injustice (CCC 1927). However, the Church also cautions against politicized accusations that may obscure the truth or deepen divisions. The ICJ’s ongoing case against Israel, joined by several nations, underscores the global concern over Gaza. Catholic teaching would urge all parties to cooperate with international bodies to establish facts and pursue accountability. The Church also calls for the protection of all victims, including hostages held by Hamas and civilians in Gaza. Justice requires addressing the actions of both sides in the conflict. The Catholic perspective emphasizes that accountability must lead to reconciliation, not further violence.

The Moral Responsibility of the International Community

The Catholic Church teaches that the international community has a duty to prevent atrocities and protect human life (CCC 2308). If genocide is occurring, as claimed by scholars, nations must act to stop it, in line with the Genocide Convention’s mandate. This could include sanctions, arms embargoes, or diplomatic pressure to enforce humanitarian access. The Church would also call for support to rebuild Gaza’s infrastructure and provide long-term aid to its people. Catholic social teaching emphasizes solidarity, meaning that no nation can remain indifferent to suffering (CCC 1939). The Church would urge countries supporting either side to prioritize human lives over political alliances. Reports of Western nations rejecting genocide claims while providing military aid to Israel raise moral questions about complicity. Similarly, support for Hamas’s actions, which include war crimes, is equally problematic. The Catholic perspective calls for a balanced approach that condemns all violations of human dignity. The international community must work toward a just resolution that respects the rights of both Israelis and Palestinians.

The Church’s Historical Context in the Holy Land

The Catholic Church has a long history in the Holy Land, with a presence dating back to the early Christian communities. This history gives the Church a unique perspective on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Catholic leaders, including the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, have consistently called for peace and justice in the region. The Church recognizes the deep spiritual significance of the land for Jews, Christians, and Muslims, which adds complexity to the conflict. Catholic teaching acknowledges the right of Israel to exist in security while also affirming the Palestinian people’s right to self-determination. The Church’s involvement includes supporting schools, hospitals, and charitable works in Gaza and the West Bank. These efforts reflect the Church’s commitment to serving all people, regardless of their background. The genocide claim, if substantiated, would demand a strong response from the Church, likely including increased advocacy for peace and humanitarian aid. The Church’s historical presence underscores its role as a mediator and advocate for dialogue. Catholics are called to pray for the Holy Land and support efforts to bring healing to its people.

Addressing Dehumanizing Rhetoric

One of the scholars’ key arguments is the use of dehumanizing rhetoric by some Israeli officials, which they claim indicates genocidal intent. Catholic teaching strongly condemns language that degrades human dignity, as it violates the commandment to love one’s neighbor (CCC 2413). Referring to any group as “human animals” or denying the innocence of civilians is morally unacceptable. Such rhetoric fuels hatred and dehumanization, which the Church identifies as root causes of violence. The Catechism teaches that respect for others, even enemies, is essential to Christian ethics (CCC 2262). The Church would call on all leaders to use language that promotes peace and acknowledges the humanity of all involved. Dehumanizing rhetoric on both sides, including Hamas’s calls for Israel’s destruction, must be rejected. The Catholic perspective emphasizes the power of words to either heal or harm. Leaders must model respect and restraint in their public statements. The Church’s moral authority can help guide discourse toward reconciliation and mutual understanding.

The Impact of War on Children and the Vulnerable

Reports indicate that over half of the casualties in Gaza are women and children, a tragedy that deeply concerns the Catholic Church. The Church places special emphasis on protecting the most vulnerable, including children, the elderly, and the sick (CCC 2276). The destruction of schools, hospitals, and maternity wards in Gaza, if intentional, constitutes a grave moral failing. Catholic teaching holds that children have a right to safety, education, and a future free from violence. The Church would call for immediate measures to protect vulnerable populations, including safe zones and access to humanitarian aid. The psychological trauma caused by constant fear and loss also demands attention, as the Church recognizes the importance of mental and spiritual healing (CCC 2288). Catholic organizations often provide counseling and support in conflict zones to address these needs. The Church would urge both sides to prioritize the safety of children and other non-combatants. The faithful are called to pray for and support those suffering in Gaza. The Church’s mission is to be a voice for the voiceless, especially in times of crisis.

The Question of Apartheid and Occupation

Some scholars link the genocide claim to Israel’s broader policies, including its occupation of Palestinian territories and alleged apartheid practices. Catholic teaching does not explicitly address these terms but emphasizes justice and the right to self-determination for all peoples (CCC 2433). The Church has called for an end to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through a two-state solution or other mutually agreed-upon resolutions. The occupation, if it denies Palestinians basic rights, conflicts with the Church’s call for justice and equality. Reports of systemic discrimination, such as restricted access to resources, raise moral concerns. The Church would advocate for policies that respect the dignity and rights of both Israelis and Palestinians. The Catechism teaches that all forms of oppression must be addressed through dialogue and reform (CCC 1910). The Church’s position is not to take sides but to promote a just peace that benefits all. Catholic leaders would encourage international efforts to address structural issues in the conflict. The goal is a future where both peoples can live in dignity and security.

The Role of Hamas and Moral Accountability

The conflict’s complexity includes the actions of Hamas, which the Catholic Church would also evaluate through a moral lens. Hamas’s October 7 attack, which killed civilians and involved hostage-taking, constitutes war crimes under international law. Catholic teaching condemns terrorism and the targeting of civilians as gravely sinful (CCC 2297). These actions cannot justify any subsequent violations but must be addressed in any discussion of the conflict. The Church would call for the immediate release of hostages and an end to attacks on civilians. At the same time, the Church recognizes that Hamas’s actions do not negate the rights of the Palestinian people. The Catechism teaches that justice requires distinguishing between the actions of individuals and the rights of a group (CCC 1931). Both Israel and Hamas bear moral responsibility for their actions, and both must be held accountable. The Church’s approach is to condemn violence on all sides while advocating for peace. Catholics are called to pray for wisdom and courage for all leaders to choose the path of justice.

The Church’s Call for Forgiveness

Catholic teaching places a strong emphasis on forgiveness, even in the face of grave wrongs (CCC 2262). The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is marked by deep wounds on both sides, including the trauma of the Holocaust for Jews and the Nakba for Palestinians. The Church teaches that forgiveness does not mean ignoring justice but seeking to heal relationships through truth and reconciliation. This process is challenging in a conflict with ongoing violence, but the Church insists it is essential for lasting peace. Catholic leaders would encourage both Israelis and Palestinians to acknowledge past wrongs and work toward mutual understanding. The example of Christ, who forgave even those who crucified him, serves as a model (Luke 23:34). The Church has supported initiatives like interfaith dialogue in the Holy Land to foster reconciliation. Forgiveness does not erase accountability but opens the door to healing. The Church would call on all parties to take steps toward reconciliation, however difficult. Catholics are invited to pray for the grace of forgiveness to transform hearts in the region.

The Importance of Impartial Investigation

The Catholic Church supports the pursuit of truth through impartial and rigorous investigation. Claims of genocide are serious and require clear evidence to avoid misuse of the term. The Church would support the work of international courts, such as the ICJ, to examine evidence and establish facts. The Catechism teaches that truth is essential for justice and peace (CCC 2469). If genocide is confirmed, the Church would condemn it unequivocally and call for immediate action to stop it. If the claims are found to be exaggerated or misused, the Church would urge restraint in rhetoric to avoid escalating tensions. The Church’s commitment to truth means avoiding premature judgments while advocating for transparency. Catholic teaching also emphasizes the need to protect the reputation of individuals and nations from false accusations (CCC 2477). The faithful are called to seek truth and avoid spreading unverified claims. The Church’s role is to promote justice through a commitment to facts and fairness.

The Broader Context of the Conflict

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has deep historical and political roots, which the Catholic Church acknowledges in its call for a just resolution. The Church recognizes the suffering of both peoples, including the Jewish experience of persecution and the Palestinian experience of displacement. Catholic teaching emphasizes the need to address historical grievances to achieve peace (CCC 2302). The conflict’s complexity, involving issues of land, security, and identity, requires a nuanced approach. The Church would advocate for solutions that respect the legitimate aspirations of both sides. The ongoing violence in Gaza, including the scholars’ genocide claim, is part of this broader context. The Church’s position is to support dialogue that addresses root causes, such as occupation and terrorism. Catholic social teaching calls for a commitment to the common good, which benefits all parties (CCC 1906). The Church would encourage international mediators to facilitate negotiations. The faithful are called to educate themselves about the conflict and support efforts for peace.

The Church’s Solidarity with the Suffering

Catholic teaching emphasizes solidarity with those who suffer, regardless of their background (CCC 1939). The people of Gaza, facing displacement, hunger, and loss, are in dire need of support. The Church would call for increased humanitarian aid and protection for civilians. Catholic organizations, such as the Pontifical Mission for Palestine, work to provide relief in the region. The faithful are encouraged to contribute to these efforts through prayer and material support. The Church also stands in solidarity with Israelis who have suffered from terrorism and live in fear of attacks. The Catechism teaches that solidarity is an expression of love for neighbor (CCC 1939). The Church’s mission is to bring Christ’s love to all who suffer, without distinction. This solidarity extends to advocating for policies that promote peace and justice. Catholics are called to be peacemakers in a world torn by conflict.

The Role of Prayer in Conflict Resolution

The Catholic Church teaches that prayer is a powerful tool for seeking peace and justice (CCC 2643). Catholics are called to pray for an end to the violence in Gaza and for the healing of all affected. Prayer can inspire leaders to choose dialogue over conflict and foster a spirit of reconciliation. The Church has designated special days of prayer for peace in the Holy Land, reflecting its commitment to spiritual solutions. The faithful are encouraged to offer Masses, rosaries, and personal prayers for the region. The Catechism teaches that prayer unites believers with God’s will for peace (CCC 2634). The Church also calls for interfaith prayer, bringing together Christians, Jews, and Muslims to seek common ground. Prayer is not a substitute for action but a foundation for it, strengthening resolve to work for justice. The Church believes that God’s grace can transform even the most intractable conflicts. Catholics are invited to join in this spiritual effort for peace.

The Church’s Hope for the Future

The Catholic Church holds fast to hope, even in the face of devastating conflicts like the one in Gaza. The Church believes that God’s grace can bring healing and reconciliation, no matter how deep the divisions. The Catechism teaches that hope is rooted in God’s promise of salvation and justice (CCC 1817). The Church envisions a future where Israelis and Palestinians live in peace, respecting each other’s dignity and rights. Catholic teaching calls for practical steps toward this vision, including dialogue, aid, and international cooperation. The genocide claim, whether substantiated or not, underscores the urgency of addressing the crisis. The Church would urge all parties to work toward a future free from violence and oppression. The faithful are called to share in this hope by supporting peace initiatives and praying for reconciliation. The Church’s mission is to proclaim Christ’s message of hope to a broken world. This hope inspires Catholics to work tirelessly for peace in the Holy Land.

Conclusion: A Call to Action

The Catholic Church, faced with claims of genocide in Gaza, would call for a multifaceted response rooted in its teachings. The Church emphasizes the sanctity of human life, the need for justice, and the pursuit of peace. Catholics are urged to support humanitarian efforts, pray for peace, and advocate for dialogue. The Church would support impartial investigations to establish the truth about the genocide claims. Both Israelis and Palestinians deserve a future where their dignity and rights are respected. The Church’s moral framework, grounded in the Catechism and scripture, offers guidance for navigating this complex issue. The faithful are called to act with charity, seeking to alleviate suffering and promote reconciliation. The Church’s voice is one of hope, urging all parties to choose peace over violence. The situation in Gaza demands urgent attention, and Catholics are invited to respond with compassion and justice. The Church remains committed to being a light of hope in the Holy Land and beyond.